The History of Dr Pepper and inventor Charles Alderton

In 1885, in Waco, Texas, a young Brooklyn-born pharmacist named Charles Alderton invented a new soft drink that would soon become known as Dr Pepper. The carbonated beverage was marketed as having a unique flavor all its own. More than 130 years later, the brand can still be found on shelves and in refrigerated store coolers worldwide. Alderton worked at Morrisons Old Corner Drug Store in Waco, Texas, where carbonated drinks were served at the soda fountain. While there, he began experimenting with his own soft drink recipes. One, in particular, was fast becoming a big hit with customers, who originally ordered the concoction by asking Alderton to shoot them a Waco. As the soft drinks popularity grew, Alderton and Morrison had trouble manufacturing enough Dr Pepper to keep up with the demand for the product. Robert S. Lazenby, owner of the Circle A Ginger Ale Company in Waco, had been impressed with Dr Pepper and was interested in manufacturing, bottling, and distributing the soft drink. Alderton, who had no desire to pursue the business and manufacturing end, he agreed to let Morrison and Lazenby take over. Fast Facts: Dr Pepper The U.S. Patent Office recognizes December 1, 1885, as the first time Dr Pepper was served.In 1891, Morrison and Lazenby formed the Artesian Mfg. Bottling Company, which later became the Dr Pepper Company.In 1904, the company introduced Dr Pepper to 20 million people attending the 1904 Worlds Fair Exposition in St. Louis—the same Worlds Fair that introduced hamburger and hot dog buns and ice cream cones to the public.The Dr Pepper Company is the oldest major manufacturer of soft drink concentrates and syrups in the United States.Dr Pepper is now also sold in the United States, Europe, Asia, Canada, Mexico, and South America, as well as New Zealand and South Africa as an imported good.Varieties of Dr Pepper include a version without high-fructose corn syrup, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of additional flavors first introduced in the 2000s. The Dr Pepper Name There are several theories regarding the origin of the Dr Pepper name. In some versions of the tale, drugstore owner Morrison is credited with naming the drink Dr. Pepper in honor of his friend, Dr. Charles Pepper, while in others, Alderton is said to have gotten one of his first jobs working for Dr. Pepper, and named the soft drink as a nod to his early employer. Another theory is that the pep refers to pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Pepsin is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food. Or it might have been something more simple. As with many early sodas of the era, Dr Pepper was marketed as a brain tonic and energizing pick-me-up. The pep in Pepper might literally have been named for the lift it supposedly imparted to those who drank it. In the 1950s, the Dr Pepper logo was redesigned. In the new version, the text was slanted and the font was changed. Designers felt that the period made Dr. look like Di: so for reasons of style and legibility, the period was dropped—but to paraphrase Shakespeare, no matter what you call it, a Dr Pepper by any other name would taste as sweet.

Poverty Is A Huge Problem Essay - 1416 Words

Poverty is a huge problem nowadays not only in the United states but all throughout the whole world. Poverty is not something that can be fixed easily it takes time and a lot of money. Many people may think they live in poverty but when in reality they have no idea what it feels like to be poor and not have enough. Poverty line is very low and individuals may not realize that. For example in 2015, 47 million people lived in poverty in the USA which means that the poverty rate last year was 15% which also means 2.3 percentage points higher than in 2007. This is the fourth consecutive year that the number of people in poverty has remained unchanged from the previous years, Many people may not realize what poverty is until the actually experience it and go through it, they won t actually understand how much it really means to have a plate of food everyday until they don t. This past year 48.1 million americans lived in food insecure households including 32.8 million adults and 15.3 million children as well. Poverty is caused by many different things. The central causes of poverty in America are stereotyping, separation from social activities, lack of knowledge, employment skills, and education. The most commonly known cause of poverty is the loss of jobs because of the drop in the economy. Substance abuse can cause poverty. A person will spend all of their money on drugs or alcohol, which leads to poverty. Around 40% or more of Americans are homeless because of an addiction.Show MoreRelatedPoverty Is Not A Country Exclusive Issue1164 Words   |  5 Pages Poverty, what is it? Poverty cannot be defined by just one definition. Poverty is a serious worldwide issue that is affecting all of our lives in the world. In Fact,Did you know nearly half of the world’s population, more than three billion people, live on less than two dollars and fifty cents a day. 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Video Conferencing Free Essays

CompareBusinessProducts. com What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Video conferencing has become â€Å"the next best thing to being there† for many businesses. Facilitating face-to-face collaboration for people who are in different locations, it can help businesses increase productivity while saving money on business travel expenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Conferencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now With video conferencing, you can still have dynamic â€Å"in-person meetings† and â€Å"live† presentations and events – even if you’re on opposite ends of the country, or even in different countries. Video conferencing is also considered a â€Å"green† technology as it eliminates the carbon dioxide emissions that result from driving and air travel. But how do you know what to buy for your organization? The first step in determining this is to understand your main objectives for the system, including your usage requirements today and what they might be over the next 3-5 years. You don’t want to buy more than you need, but you do want a system that is going to scale with your business. Video conferencing has become â€Å"the next best thing to being there† for many businesses. Facilitating face-to-face collaboration for people who are in different locations, it can help businesses increase productivity while saving money on business travel expenses. With video conferencing, you can still have dynamic â€Å"in-person meetings† and â€Å"live† presentations and events – even if you’re on opposite ends of the country, or even in different countries. Video conferencing is also considered a â€Å"green† technology as it eliminates the carbon dioxide emissions that result from driving and air travel. But how do you know what to buy for your organization? The first step in determining this is to understand your main objectives for the system, including your usage requirements today and what they might be over the next 3-5 years. You don’t want to buy more than you need, but you do want a system that is going to scale with your business. Contents Key Questions o How Big Is My Audience? o Personal, Group Conferencing, or Both? Key Features to Look For o Easy Integration with Your Computer, Network, and Unified Communications Systems o Full Video and Audio Capabilities o Recording of Audio, Video, and Data o Flexible and Comprehensive Moderator and Presenter Controls o Customizable, Brand-able o Easy to Install, Easy to Use, and Easy to Maintain o Attentive, Accessible Customer Support o Competitively Priced and Great Value –  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Key Questions How Big Is My Audience? Consider the size of your audience – or the maximum number of attendees you will ever have for your video conferences, and who they are. If you plan on having international conferences, you’ll want to discuss this with your vendor to ensure all networking and equipment standards are compatible. Consider the size of the rooms where attendees will take pa rt in the video conference. Will you have 0-10 participants, up to 100, up to 500 or more? Will attendees mostly watch from their desktops, on a lap top while traveling, on a mobile device, in the board room, in a conference hall, or all of the above? Having a very clear picture of how the system will be used will enable you to make the right decision. Personal, Group Conferencing, or Both? When it comes to group or personal videoconferencing, there is a difference in what you’ll need. Essentially, all conferencing requires a camera, microphone, speaker, monitor, and a codec, which is a small â€Å"compression-decompression† program that helps large files travel across the Internet quickly. Personal videoconferencing systems are meant to work within an office or home environment and are designed for the personal computer, or now, increasingly, mobile devices. Speakers, microphones, and cameras are designed for close ups use and privacy. These systems now enable rich media collaboration, data sharing, and instant messaging. Group conferencing equipment is obviously more complicated, requiring cameras that â€Å"pan,† â€Å"tilt,† and â€Å"zoom,† as well as projectors, large flat panel monitors and other displays, microphone pods, and a variety of speakers. Key Features to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Easy Integration with Your Computer, Network, and Unified Communications Systems You’ll want to make sure that the system you buy easily integrates with your existing technologies, including your phone systems, the type of computers employees use, existing flat screen monitors, speakers, etc. You’ll want to check to see if the system complies with current standards or if they are proprietary technologies. You want a system that will communicate freely with all other standards-based systems vs. nly with products from the same manufacturer. You don’t want to invest in a system that will become obsolete within a short period of time  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 3 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Full Video and Audio Capabilities It may seem obvious, but make sure your system can play actual videos during the video conference, not just a PowerPoint presentation or other documen t. You’ll want high definition for best viewing quality. In addition, many systems provide a variety of screen layouts, so that attendees can simultaneously watch a video in one section of the screen, the presenter in another, and attendees in another. The system should have a video gateway that performs the translation between various technology protocols, including audio and video encoding formats used by the other components. When it comes to audio capabilities, make sure the system is going to be versatile and loud enough for your audience to hear it, and that is complies with broad standards. Recording of Audio, Video, and Data Your system should enable you to record the audio, video, and even data portions of your conference. It can be very useful to record important, interactive presentations to share with others, such as hosting on your company’s website Intranet, or even YouTube for later viewing. Flexible and Comprehensive Moderator and Presenter Controls Easy to use and comprehensive controls are essential, especially when it comes to live presentations and meetings. Your conference moderator should be able to control who’s presenting, what attendees can view and hear, screen resolution, bandwidth, phone call admission, call routing, and more. You’ll also want a system that can pass control of the conference to other presenters to create a dynamic and interactive meeting. Controls should also include presentation mode, when the focus needs to be solely on the presentation and not interactive dialogue and desktop sharing for flexibility, for example going back and forth between presentation decks to a website to a video. Customizable, Brand-able While you’re buying this system from a vendor whose brand will undoubtedly be showing up on the equipment, you’ll also want to make sure your organization’s branding appears for your conference – so you want a system that is customizable and flexible enough to display your company’s look and feel in the presentation and visuals.  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 4 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Easy to Install, Easy to Use, and Easy to Mainta in Check to make sure the system is not so complicated that it’s unusable, or even that some of the key features are not usable. It should have a clear, concise, and easy to use menu and an intuitive user interface. Many IT people have a knack for learning how to use new technologies. For this reason, have a few others in your organization try it out and use it before buying. Attentive, Accessible Customer Support When it comes to video conferencing, you cannot underestimate how important customer support is – including technical support – for your system. A video conference is a live event with a live, interactive audience. When something goes wrong, and all too often with new technologies it will – it’s like a dropped phone call during a critical business negotiation – but to the 1,000th degree. You want to make sure that you can access support and get solutions ASAP if you have any issues with your equipment or connection. Competitively Priced and Great Value Today, the popularity of video conferencing among businesses has skyrocketed, and hence there are many players who have entered the market. This is good news for buyers because these companies are competing for your business. You want a company that has a good track record of success and one that can prove it with existing customers testimonials, case studies, and references. And as with other parts of your business, be clear about your objectives first and what you aim to achieve with your video conferencing system, including your return on investment, before you open up your wallet.  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 5 How to cite Video Conferencing, Essay examples

Training Needs free essay sample

Training can be described as the acquisition of skills, concepts or attitudes that result in improved performance within the Job environment. Training analysis looks at each aspect of an operational domain so that the initial skills, concepts and attitudes of the human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified. Training analysis as a process often covers: * Review of current training * Task analysis (of new or modified system) * Identification of training gap * Statement of training requirement Assessment of training options * Cost benefit analysis of training options Training Analysis is most often used as part of the system development process. Due to the close tie between the design of the system and the training required, in most cases it runs alongside the development to capture the training requirements. Design Integrated Training Analysis K Tara Smith proposed and developed tools and methods for an integrated approach Design Integrated Training Analysis, where the trade-offs between design and training are both assessed in the light of the understanding of the operational tasks. We will write a custom essay sample on Training Needs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This approach also used information regarding recorded critical incidents to review proposed training and to provide traceability between hazards and training. This single integrated approach to human factors and training analysis has been successfully used on a number of defence projects. Training Analysis Process Over the last 20 years the critical nature of the man-in-the-loop has changed from simply manual dexterity and procedural operation to a state in which their decision making, cognitive abilities, data assimilation, communication skills, and attitude are all crucial. In addition the Job structure of the personnel operationally involved with modern systems has diversified in direct proportion to the complexity of the technology. This has fuelled the need for a formal approach. ddressing a different part of the overall learning process. This breakdown is as follows:- * Psycho-motor Skills * Procedural Skills * Knowledge Transfer * Communication Skills * Colossal Thinking * Attitude Learning * Performance Training. The role of training analysis is to build a formal bridge between the available design data and the training media and training objectives, in order to facilitate the transfer f training elements into the operational environment. For complex multi-user system a user-to-task map is often constructed to present the relationship between the tasks and the identified team structure and also to identify new groups of users that would need to have an understanding of the system. The training gap is assessed by a comparison between the goals and tasks undertaken by the individuals and the existing training. There is a wide variety of training media that can be used, ranging from traditional lecture-based teaching to sophisticated simulators. Different media will be more or ess appropriate for different activities. It is necessary to determine the most suitable and cost-effective training media for the different areas. There have been many different approaches defined however the system approach to training has been the most successful. Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is defined as the Identification of training requirements and the most cost effective means of meeting those requirements. A TNA should always be performed where a major new development in policy, equipment acquisition or procedures is deemed to have potential impact upon the current training regime. TST has considerable experience of successfully employing the accepted techniques applied to the development of training systems, including the Systems Approach to Training (SAT) in both the defence and civilian domains using customer specific standards such as JSP 822 where required. Carrying out all TNA activates in accordance with SAT principles ensures rigorous visibility in each design stage with clear audit trails from the initial Scoping Study through to the recommended solution. Training Needs Analysis: The First Step in the Performing a training needs analysis is the first step in the training process and is ritical for a successful program. The purpose of a needs analysis is to determine that training is the best solution and identify what training is needed to fill the skill gap. This step is often disregarded for reasons such as time constraints or lack of perceived value by management. However, skipping the training needs analysis can cause major problems. Time, resources and dollars may be wasted on training that was unnecessary or ineffective. A training need exists when there is a gap between what is required of a person to perform their Job proficiently and what they actually know. The reasons for conducting a training needs analysis are: To determine whether training is needed To determine causes of poor performance To determine content and scope of training To determine desired training outcomes To provide a basis of measurement To gain management support Performing a training needs analysis is most appropriate when training is requested for a performance issue, when new information systems or business processes are introduced, and when your organization mandates training. The analysis process can be as detailed or as simple as the situation requires. For details on the various needs analysis types, please view our Needs Analysis Study Types diagram. The type of needs analysis you use should ultimately be based on your goal, however, you should consider other factors such as time, available resources, money, etc. Regardless of the complexity of your analysis, there are six steps fundamental to all effective training needs analysis. Step One Identify Problem Needs Determine circumstance for training request Identify potential skill gap Set objectives Step Two Determine Design of Needs Analysis Ђ Establish method selection criteria Assess advantages and disadvantages for methods Step Three Collect Data Conduct interviews Administer surveys and questionnaires Observe people at work Review documents Step Four Analyze Data Conduct qualitative or quantitative analysis Determine solutions and recommendations Step Five Provide Feedback Write report and make oral presentation Determine next step training needed? Step Six Develop Action Plan Use results as the basis for training design, development and evaluation. Although conducting a step-by-step training needs analysis is recommended, the reality is that time and resources are not always available for this type of effort. In these situations, dont simply write off the analysis completely do the best you can with what you have. Try to, at least: Clarify the performance issue Evaluate and define what the target audience is doing versus what they should be doing Establish the causes of the performance issue Determine solutions that will solve the issue Keep in mind good training doesnt Just happen. It is the result of much preparation nd forethought. What Training is Right for Your Business? Begin with a Training Needs Analysis Choosing the correct training solution for your business is not a simple process.

A Transactional Communication Analysis- Can Managers Really Agree Ess

A Transactional Communication Analysis- Can Managers Really Agree? Introduction This paper provides my analysis of an oral presentation using the transactional model of communication. This model is most appropriate to my analysis, as this presentation seeks understanding and agreement of a mid-level management group. The goal of the transaction is to gain buy-in and support of a training program from mid-level managers. My role is to prepare and verbally present information to a small group of managers. My analysis focuses on the systems perspective of the three expanding spheres of the model to reach the goal- integral, strategic and tactical. My analysis is not a detail of all the elements of the spheres. It explains some of my thoughts, in preparing for the transaction, and approaches, which were important to reaching agreement. In my conclusion, I offer why I believe this transaction is, and how one can measure, that success. The Integral Sphere The integral sphere, status and input assumptions, changes most slowly. The culture of my organization lies in its past and current strengths. We excel in specialized services and expertise; however, this strength is our weakness. We have few that think in terms of systems and what is best in the organizational perspective. We lose business and continue to do so, because of labor costs. Our response to new business is using a team of people, rather than the one or a small few. Our customers desire people who are generalists, not specialists, who are knowledgeable in several areas. To meet our customer's needs and our business of tomorrow, we must retrain the existing workforce. The manager's focus today is not toward the future business of the organization, for they immerse themselves into the work processes of yore. There is an assumption, or known, in this sphere to overcome through the transaction. The program has total support of upper level management, the unions and all employees. All are aware of the program through a previous presentation. General acceptance is favorable to most of the employees. It is mid-level managers, however, who are most critical of the program. They refuse to see any value to their current customer needs; or, their workers. Mid-level managers foresee only an increase in their own workload and express concerns in losing employees from direct work to training. Thinking in the integral sphere alone does guarantee success in any communication. It is but one part of the system. To gain understanding and agreement, the needs of the strategic and tactical spheres use the status and input assumptions of this sphere. Preparation in all spheres is crucial for to reach agreement. In this case, I chose to direct my attention to the strategic sphere, which builds upon the integral sphere and provides input for my preparing for the tactical sphere. The Strategic Sphere The strategic sphere changes purpose and method through interpretation and feedback. Although I know in advance that I cannot predict the tactical sphere, I can prepare in advance for some possible events. The managers are aware and knowledgeable of the prior presentations. There are thoughts, biases and concerns of each manager to this program already known. I prepare scenarios and what-ifs, and provide possible responses for each of them. I also have intimate knowledge of tools and other products, unknown to the managers that should ease towards agreement. This is important in considering the purpose and method of the presentation towards the goal. In this case, the use of electronic slides supports advance strategic sphere planning in several ways. First, a minimum of slides and the use of graphics, minimizing text, evoke discussion. It focuses the attentions of the group, all that are visually oriented. Second, electronic media allows for linking to other information, if such a need arises. These slides use little material from the prior presentation noted in the integral sphere. It is likely that someone in the group will comment that the earlier presentation shows contrary information. Third, the purpose is no longer to sell a program, but to obtain the buy-in and agreement of a more focused group. The presentation and environment must stimulate communication, feedback and resolution. The previous presentation is of little benefit to this new one, as one-way communication was the purpose and focus. The pre-planning

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Quotes

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Quotes The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a supernatural tale by Washington Irving. Here are a few famous quotes from the story. Quotes The chief part of the stories, however, turned upon the favorite specter of Sleepy Hollow, the Headless Horseman, who had been heard several times of late, patrolling the country; and, it was said, tethered his horse nightly among the graves in the churchyard. I profess not to know how women’s hearts are wooed and won. To me, they have always been matters of riddle and admiration. Some seem to have but one vulnerable point, or door of access; while others have a thousand avenues, and may be captured in a thousand different ways. It is a great triumph of skill to gain the former, but a still greater proof of generalship to maintain possession of the latter, for a man must battle for his fortress at every door and window. He who wins a thousand common hearts is therefore entitled to some renown; but he who keeps undisputed sway over the heart of a coquette, is indeed a hero. On mounting a rising ground, which brought the figure of his fellow-traveller in relief against the sky, gigantic in height, and muffled in a cloak, Ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he was headless! – but his horror was still more increased on observing that the head, which should have rested on his shoulders, was carried before him on the pommel of his saddle! It was, as I have said, a fine autumnal day; the sky was clear and serene, and nature wore that rich and golden livery which we always associate with the idea of abundance. The forests had put on their sober brown and yellow, while some trees of the tenderer kind had been nipped by the frosts into brilliant dyes of orange, purple, and scarlet. Local tales and superstitions thrive best in these sheltered, long settled retreats; but are trampled under foot, by the shifting throng that forms the population of most of our country places. Besides, there is no encouragement for ghosts in most of our villages, for they have scarce had time to finish their first nap, and turn themselves in their graves, before their surviving friends have traveled away from the neighborhood, so that when they turn out of a night to walk the rounds, they have no acquaintance left to call upon. This is perhaps the reason why we so seldom hear of ghosts except in our long-established Dutch communities. As the enraptured Ichabod fancied all this, and as he rolled his great green eyes over the fat meadow-lands, the rich fields of wheat, of rye, of buckwheat, and Indian corn, and the orchards burthened with ruddy fruit, which surrounded the warm tenement of Van Tassel, his heart yearned after the damsel who was to inherit these domains, and his imagination expanded with the idea, how they might be readily turned into cash, and the money invested in immense tracts of wild land, and shingle palaces in the wilderness. Nay, his busy fancy already realized his hopes, and presented to him the blooming Katrina, with a whole family of children, mounted on the top of a wagon loaded with household trumpery, with pots and kettles dangling beneath; and he beheld himself bestriding a pacing mare, with a colt at her heels, setting out for Kentucky, Tennessee, or the Lord knows where! Ichabod only lingered behind, according to the custom of country lovers, to have a tete-a-tete with the heiress; fully convinced that he was now on the high road to success. What passed at this interview I will not pretend to say, for in fact, I do not know. Something, however, I fear me, must have gone wrong, for he certainly sallied forth, after no very great interval, with an air quite desolate and chopfallen- Oh these women! these women! Could that girl have been playing off any of her coquettish tricks?- Was her encouragement of the poor pedagogue all a mere sham to secure her conquest of his rival?- Heaven only knows, not I! The mysterious event caused much speculation at the Church on the following Sunday. Knots of gazers and gossips were collected in the churchyard, at the bridge, and at the spot where the hat and pumpkin had been found. The stories of Brouwer, of Bones, and a whole budget of others, were called to mind; and when they had diligently considered them all and compared them with the symptoms of the present case, they shook their heads, and came to the conclusion that Ichabod had been carried off by the galloping Hessian. As he was a bachelor, and in nobody’s debt, nobody troubled his head any more about him, the school was removed to a different quarter of the hollow, and another pedagogue reigned in his stead. This neighborhood, at the time of which I am speaking, was one of those highly favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and American line had run near it during the war- it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and been infested with refugees, cowboys, and all kinds of border chivalry. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable each storyteller to dress up his tale with a little becoming fiction, and in the indistinctness of his recollection, to make himself the hero of every exploit. The schoolmaster is generally a man of some importance in the female circle of a rural neighborhood, being considered a kind of idle gentlemanlike personage, of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains, and, indeed, inferior in learning only to the parson. There was something extremely provoking in this obstinately pacific system; it left Brom no alternative but to draw upon the funds of rustic waggery in his disposition, and to play off boorish practical jokes upon his rival. It was a matter of no little vanity to him, on Sundays, to take his station in front of the church gallery, with a band of chosen singers; where, in his own mind, he completely carried away the palm from the parson. Certain it is, his voice resounded far above all the rest of the congregation; and there are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard half a mile off, quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond, on a still Sunday morning, which are said to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod Crane. Thus, by divers little make-shifts in that ingenious way which is commonly denominated â€Å"by hook and by crook,† the worthy pedagogue got on tolerably enough, and was thought, by all who understood nothing of the labor of headwork, to have a wonderfully easy life of it. The old country wives, however, who are the best judges of these matters, maintain to this day that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means; and it is a favorite story often told about the neighborhood round the winter evening fire.

Food and Culture watch the vedio, answer question Assignment

Food and Culture watch the vedio, answer question - Assignment Example Due to many ethnic groupings in the region, there are also different cuisine dishes in different areas. In the video Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern, there is an exclusive analysis and documentary of Andrews’ journey in Philippines and the various hotels he toured. He visits the city of Manila, where he finds the street vendors, restaurants and hotels selling all sort of meals along the beach. He is amazed at the different types of foods on sale, some of which he had not even had a taste in his life. He is attracted to some exotic food such as chicken fetuses, coconut grubs, mangrove worms, water crickets and whole baby chickens. To him such food is weird and he has never had anticipation to eat it. Such food papers so appetizing, and would eat them should I go to Philippines. Ayurvedic medicine remains one of the oldest medical systems in India. It is strong in promoting aspects of health, diet through utilization of the herbal complexes. Ayurveda puts it that food is medicine and medicine is food. Therefore, one should always eat correctly since food can act as a healing

Interpersonal Communication Class - Final Paper Essay

Interpersonal Communication Class - Final Paper - Essay Example Culture plays a fundamental role in management and leadership especially in multicultural organizations. Two different approaches have been advanced in exploring the contribution of culture within a working environment. The convergence school of thought asserts that national or institutional culture has no significant influence on the leadership and management practices. The scientists in support of this school of thought argue that management has the same ‘best policies and practice’ that is applicable independent of the institutional and cultural context. The divergence school of thought, on the other hand asserts that best management policies and practices are culturally bounded, hence influenced by cultural and contextual factors. Although globalization has resulted to standardization of best management policies and practices, divergence theory on power distance cannot be overlooked; as confirms organizational literatures and psychology articles. Adler and Bartholemew (1994, p.429) concluded that culture was important management aspect that has the ability to cause a significant difference in the human resource management and organizational behavior. Therefore, it was inevitable to consider cultural aspect in managing human cultural diversity. The differences in the national management practices and the outcomes are indicators of the fact that cultural differences have a substantial influence on the management and leadership. It is on this account of cultural influence on management and leadership practice that this study examines cross-cultural differences with respect to international relationship that exist within the working environment between senior managers and the workforce of the organization. In par ticular, the role of power distance on employee’s participation and horizontal communications are emphasized in many cross-cultural

Role Of The Internet In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role Of The Internet In Business - Essay Example The Internet helped business in enhancing communication facilities. It is easy for Bill Gates to control his business activities in China or India, staying in New York. The Internet provides instant chat, audio and video conferencing like communication facilities so that it is easy for an executive in America to communicate instantly with his subordinates in any parts of the world. Outsourcing is a new concept developed across business circle because of the development of Internet-related technologies. It should be noted that in America and European countries, the labor cost is extremely high whereas, in India or China, it is extremely low. Thus, Chinese and Indian products are cheaper in the international market compared to that of America or Europe. This is really a problem for American and European companies. Outsourcing helps, these companies to exploit the cheap labor in overseas markets so that they can compete effectively with Indian and Chinese companies. The development of E-commerce is another contribution of the internet to the business world. Online business is growing much rapidly than offline business according to many studies. Offline business cannot provide the convenience of online business. For example, in order to purchase certain commodities, a consumer has to visit shopping malls. For employed people, it is difficult to spend too much time for shopping purposes. Such people can purchase goods while resting at home with the help of internet. Moreover, e-commerce helps a person to purchase goods from the international market. In other words, he can search for better options with the help of the internet before purchasing a certain item from the global market. Such facilities are not provided by offline businesses. Advertising is a major business function, which helps organizations to promote their product.

BP and US Government Negotiations Analysis

BP and US Government Negotiations Analysis Zacharia Dainkeh An evaluation and critical analysis of the decision making process and the negotiations and agreement between BP and the US government including other relevant parties positions regarding the out of court settlement with respect to the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in the United States of America On the 20th of April 2010, the Golf of Mexico was rocked by an explosion from the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, and caused serious environmental and economic damage. In response BP provided a swift response to remedy the crisis by employing the services of Entrix, a renowned environmental consulting firm in the United States to evaluate the oil spill impact. Since Entrix is specialised in assessing crisis such as the impact such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Even though the U. S. administration attempted to distance itself from British Petroleum in handling of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico,   the willingness for both parties to work together in assessing the nature and scope of the level of harm caused by oil spill, shows as a notable exception. BP is a British owned MNC/oil company that leased the Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by Transocean, an offshore drilling oil company. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is as of yet the biggest environmental disaster to have rocked the United States in its history. That precipitated scores of negotiations to settle financial claims of the affected parties, immediately after BP had claimed responsibility. Taken together, the rulings meant that BP was on the hook for a fine of up to $13.7 billion under the Clean Water Act alone. Billions more could be levied from a federal Resource Natural Damage Assessment. Following the 2010 catastrophic BP oil spill off the coast of New Orleans, in the Gulf of Mexico, which instantaneously led to a criminal investigation by the U.S Department of Justice? It would be recalled that this dreadful event induced a quagmire of complex legal proceedings against BP, Transocean and Anadarko for a violation of two Federal Acts of government. At the initial stage the path towards settlement was doubtful, after the September 2014 ruling, during which BP was held to be grossly negligent It was estimated that over 3.19 million barrels of oil was spilled from the disaster off the coastal areas of Southern United States in the Gulf of Mexico. the Clean Water and Oil Pollution respectively. By and large, the rationale of this paper will critically focus to unravel the complexity of the decision making and negotiating process(s) that eventually yielded a compensation settlement to those affected. Beach defines negotiations as actions aimed at helping the parties in a n egotiation to overcome high transaction costs, enabling the achievement of mutually acceptable outcomes that would otherwise not be reached. (Beach, 2012). It is the responsibility of senior management leaders to facilitate negotiations in times particularly in time of crisis, which is considered as part of a strategic management decision making process and shaping the agenda by determining relevant issues to be discussed. Before then, a risk assessment should have been done which will provide an advance warning of any unknown or known recommendation in preparation for the negotiating team of respective parties. The first section seek to identify the relevant parties to the negotiated agreement between British Petroleum (BP) and the (U. S. Department of Justice (USDOJ), which includes relevant claimants and the purported parties responsible for the damaged and the two main dominant party of the final negotiations that derived from the Deep-water Horizon oil spill. This case study will proffer unravel how wide range of issues are addressed in the current literatures of oil spill devastations in relation to the negotiations process and application of the definition and relevant theory to this case study with a supporting argument to justify the dominant party position. The second part of this paper an attempt to illustrate and describe alternative perspectives and approaches that could have been explore by other relevant parties to improved their bargaining outcome that may have reduce or prevent the scale of relative dominance observed as displayed in the decision making and negotiating process that eventually resulted to the structured settlement reached in this case. In the third and final section, the main focus will proffer to provide meaningful suggestions as to the method and approach in future scenario and advise based on the conclusive assessment and analysis of the negotiated parties, with respect to their decision making and negotiating process and its (their) outcome with the relevant lesson learnt based on the BP oil spill structured settlement. Finally, a conclusion will closed this paper with reference drawn from the respective dominant parties, decision making process; lesson learned and proffer solution on lesson learned from the case study, followed by a summarized conclusion. This   paper seek to evaluation and critically analyze the decision-making and negotiated agreement processes between the relevant affected parties with main focus on the two major parties; namely: (British Petroleum-BP), the responsible party for the damages and the relevant claimants main representative on the final negotiated agreement the United States Department of Justice. Furthermore, an analysis of the settlement stages and process towards the structured settlement will also be assessed. An evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the interconnected interest of MNC such as BP financial strength, investments, influence and association with the U.S economy and government socioeconomic, environmental and political interest with a need for a balance and an objective assessment that will unravel the true winners and losers of this negotiated agreement. The parties to the agreement are from two separate angles, namely the claimants and responsible partie(s), the claimants are as follows: The United States of America Government represented by The U. U. Department of Justice (USDOJ were the main and dominant party that represented all claimants in the negotiations that concluded the structured settlement reached with BP), U. S. Coast Guard, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, media, Oil Industry, Environmental activist and organizations, Fishermen, Tourist-driven Communities, Tourist Driven- Business, Tourists, Oil spill, Cleanup Workers and Home owners and developers. Whiles the responsible parties are British Petroleum (BP owner of the well), who happens to be the dominant responsible party, justification for the dominant parties will be explained later. BP was also the main party that negotiated as the responsible party with the USDOJ, and Transocean (owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon), both of whom were name d as the responsible parties by the U.S. Coast Guard. For clarity purposes, it is important to understand that among the above mentioned parties the dominant parties in the out of court settlement were BP and the United States Government. This was so because BP owner of the well, with vicarious liability, is the main responsible party and the United States Government as a democratically elected government, for obvious reasons, its part of its responsibilities to not only represent the claimants, but to create a balance between the interest of the victims and the responsible party and to ensure that an appreciated deal is reached in the interest of the victims and the responsible party within an acceptable redress, but   are forced to take one side and be tough with BP to ensure that an adequate compensation is paid that commensurate to the damaged and loss caused. As the main representative of all claimants. It was believed that the government has the required expertise to accurately determine the financial means and compensate those that lost their jobs, property etc by reimbursing them with financial assistance from the responsible party,   If they pay the bills, theyre welcome at the table, said Peter Tuttle, an environmental contaminant specialist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who is coordinating NRDA activities among Interior Department bureaus. From a superficial glance, the ambition behind this legislation was to redress two major concerns: 1) unbearable delays and 2) fiercely problematic legal battles in subsequent oil spill catastrophes (see Issacharoff and Rave, 2014: 399). The prevailing perspective of relevant actors were mixed as the process continued. To some, the entire agreement was very important especially on the part of BP and the United States government in getting the balance right in an attempt seek its national interest and to protecting its investors (MNC) and BP is keen in regaining back lost confidence from its investors and those residing in the affected areas. With such deal in place, BP was seen to have provided assurances to its current and potential investors that they are willing to sincerely honour their own part of any agreement reached in compensating those residing in the Gulf in case of any environmental harm done whilst they continue to carry out their activities within the Gulf Coast. Why not, some will hold this argument that the fact that BP was willing to stepped aside and allow the establishment of an Independent Claim Facility, it was an efficient move geared towards properly assessing claims and counter claims made by BP to an extent it was ascertained that BP doesnt have what it takes to quantify or properly determined and estimate the damage claims as such responsibility doesnt fall within its functions and was asked to refrained from the matter of surveying and working claims. The Feinberg claims facility though at some point was deemed to have worked more than its predecessor, it also faced serious condemnation on its objectivity in handling the whole process as it was paid by BP and there was a possibility that its more committed to it employer. Criticisms were also made against Feinberg Law firm that the way it handled the process was too slow and marred with delays, tough and unfair in handing out monies. Both claims were denied by BP. Other actors said BP agreed for an out of court settlement because they want to settle the victims far less than what it would have cost them had the matter settle in court. They deliberately and cleverly agreed to allowed the court to monitored the compensation process creating an atmosphere in the minds of the victims that what they are doing is in line with whatever agreement they could have reached in court, but in reality, it was very clear that BP with its financial might, was just too smart and powerful with its n egotiating team for the Golf Oil Spilled victims as the out of court settlement seriously cut down their financial responsibility to the victims. Surprisingly they used the same court they refused to go to monitor the process. Whatever the outcome was, the fact is that, it was always going to be very difficult in determining oil spill disasters against these multi billions oil companies if laid down rules and regulations arent put in place that can stand the test of times. For instance, the International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation states: the tendency to react to political, media public perception and pressures rather than basing decisions on technical realities, is a special problem that can also escalate the cost of any incident beyond what would be considered reasonable under the International Compensation Convention( ITOPF). This is a terrifying one sided analysis with a sense to purely exonerate oil companies that they are often treated unfairly by he mentioned parties during oil spill disasters. Taking these words in to serious consideration one would be tempted to ask whether BP compensation was commensurate to their purported damaged caused in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Guif of Mexico? As there is no laid down straight formula to determine such payments according to the International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation. With incidents and circumstances of oil spill changes from one to another and in most cases depends on close factors say for instance the type of oil, the location of the spill and characteristics of the affected area as well as the effectiveness of the preventive measures and genuine commitment of the management, we shall continue to face problems, if well established rules arent put in place to asses oil spills. The oils and gas industrys was and is said to made significant moves in developing advance technological ideas relating to the extraction of oil in the Deepwater Horizon, but make no mistake, their ideas doesnt stand the test of times. And in terms of developing robust pre-emptive measures to tackle potential oil spills and hold oil companies objectively responsible for potential reckless actions, there is more than meet the eye with the current pre-emptive measures. Whilst some analysts would agree that the $ 500 million from fines and penalties from BP and Transoceans meant to improve precautionary measures through well research based materials with development in education and training was a brilliant move; its also true that large cooperation the likes of BP have well experienced total legal practitioners whose main focus is to always look for loopholes within the ambit of the established laws to minimise financial effect of the company. Currently, laws and policies within the lo ss of multibillion companies for any potential reckless actions against society and people residing in their areas of operations needs reforms to block the use of escape routes in mitigating liability irrespective of political influence. It is imperative that to flesh up my argument by looking at the current liability rule for civilian nuclear power with respect to the Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity, which clearly shows the important disparities between the Price Anderson Acts and what the Administration considered supporting in their 2010 discussions with Congressional Staff. From those discussions, it was established that the Price Andersen value total damaged loss at about $ 12 billion in 2011, which was later assumed by analysts may not be sufficient to address future financial damage of any nuclear incident and is also lacking the required precautionary measures. The said Act is also considered to be unfriendly in tackling potential spill situations as it failed to efficiently address the regular payment of premiums for insurance nuclear power plants activities as it only pay in to compensation funds when disaster occur at a nuclear power plant facility and in such situations, such monies exceed the initi al $ 375 million stated operator damage responsibility fees. Its also very important to lay down very clear quality rules and regulations with the clean understanding to check and confirm that the well genuine established preventive measures are correctly adhere to for firms operating in the insurance scheme. With the seldom oil spills, theres a lack of well reliable information to reference in appropriately and fairly determining potential premium for disaster victims. With this in mind, there should be an independent body with continuous free access to check and determine high level of safety with punitive measures for firms that fails to efficiently adhere to the agreed standard rules of operation. The need for sharing information of defaulters in public is also necessary as it will raise genuine concerns within companys shareholders, in the first instance, they will learn about the poor way administration is protecting the credibility of their company. This will move genuine investors to question whether company administrators are genuine enough to operate within the agreed standard laid down rules as part of it operations commitment in the Deep water Horizon. In conclusion, agreed parties can base their strength in the knowledge of the industries and it expertise to form the industry rules and regulations; whilst the government could ask for joint experience guarantee safety as a requirement for any firm to demand authorisation act of boring a hole in the Deepwater Horizon.

Determinism, Objectivity, and Pessimism in The Open Boat :: Open Boat Essays

Determinism, Objectivity, and Pessimism in The Open Boat      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Stephen Crane's short story "The Open Boat", the American literary school of naturalism is used and three of the eight features are most apparent, making this work, in my opinion, a good example of the school of naturalism. These three of the eight features are determinism, objectivity, and pessimism. They show, some more than others, how Stephen Crane viewed the world and the environment around him.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determinism is of course the most obvious of the three features. Throughout the entire story, the reader gets a sense that the fate of   the four main characters, the cook, the oiler, the correspondent, and the captain are totally pre-determined by nature and that they were not their own moral agents. "The little boat, lifted by each towering sea and splashed viciously by the crests, made progress that in the absence of seaweed was not apparent to those in her." The characters had no control over their boat, rather nature was totally in control. "She seemed just a wee thing wallowing, miraculously top up, at the mercy of the five oceans. Occasionally a great spread of water, like white flames, swarmed into her." (pg.145) There is also a sense that man is totally not important to the natural forces controlling his fate. "When it occurs to man that nature does not regard him as important, and that she feels she would not maim the universe by disposing of him, he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply that there are no bricks and no temples." (pg156) The one character who perishes, the oiler, is of course a victim of determinism. Even as he was so close to land and no longer out in the open sea, nature still takes its role in determining his fate.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Objectivity refers to how the author describes reality as it exists, that is, not glorifying something, but rather simply stating the observation. The fact that the narrator is the correspondent in itself give an impression on how the story is going to be told in a more journalistic sense, describing actual events instead of feelings or ideas. " In the meantime the oiler and the correspondent rowed. They sat together in the same seat, and each rowed an oar.

Principles Of Personal Development Essay

1.1 Explain what reflective practice is It means focusing on how we interact with others. Thinking about how we could have done things differently, in a better way. This allows us to improve the action we take. 1.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided see more:explain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social care It helps us to recognise what we do well so we can use these skills in other situations. It also helps to learn from our mistakes and to plan for future situation where we can respond better to changes. 1.3 Explain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social care By being fully aware of the standards we know exactly what to do in certain situations which also gives an opportunity to be always updated. Following the standards ensures to carry out work in the most professional way. 1.4 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice My own values and belief may have a great impact on my work. It is always good to be open minded and most importantly respect other peoples opinion. Just because we have our own values, does not mean it is the right one. Always listen to the service user. If you think differently, you can always explain it in a polite way. 2.1 Explain how people may react and respond to receiving constructive feedback It can be upsetting when areas which need improvement are identified. If you get the feedback in a positive manner then you are more likely to accept it  and work harder to improve them. 2.2 Explain the importance of seeking feedback to improve practice and inform development Seeking feedback gives you an idea on what to improve. If you accept it then you can be motivated and more focused on it. It helps you to identify your strengths and weaknesses which could be really difficult. It encourages you to perform better. 2.3 Explain the importance of using feedback in improving own practice It helps you to identify the training needs you might require and to correct mistakes. After you have done everything to improve on the areas where improvement was required, you will feel confident in your work environment. 3.1 Describe the components of a personal development plan Personal development plan is a tool to set a plan which helps creating self awareness and it will lead to achieve your goals. Components: Objectives – what do I want to be able to do better? Actions – what methods will I use to achieve the objectives? Success criteria – how will I measure my improvement? Achievement date – when do I expect to achieve my objectives? Implementation – how will I practise and apply what I have learned? 3.2 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development We have got an appraisal/supervision system at our workplace but other sources can be: Team meetings and discussions Working alongside with colleagues and other professionals Trainings Asking question from colleagues and other professionals 3.3 Explain the role of others in the development of a personal development plan in identifying:a) Strengths b) Areas for development The supervisors role is to support and advise you in your work and to make sure that you know and understand your rights and responsibilities. A personal development plan identifies your training and development needs. Because the plan is updated when you have taken part in training and development, it also provides a record of participation. There is no single right way to prepare a personal development plan. There are plenty of different models and styles. What matters is what is in the plan It should include: different development areas the goals or targets you have set a timescale for achieving these goals or targets 3.4 Explain the benefits of using a personal development plan to identify ongoing improvements in knowledge and understanding The personal development plan gives you an overview of what you have accomplished but also allows you to identify areas that still need improvement. Because things are always changing with Health and Social Care your training and development needs have to be continuous so your skills and abilities are always up to date.

Journey to America essays

Journey to America essays The word America has been a dream to me since I heard about its freedom. Finally, today , I start my long journey. Natalia, my little sister by a year, and I have packed four outfits each, silverware, photos of our family and friends and other small objects that mean a lot to us. We hope to reach America safely one days from now. I cannot wait to see the Statue of liberty. Freedom is scarce in my homeland, Ukraine, and just the thought makes me cry. The train ride was awful and there were many older passengers in the car we were in. Natalia is already flirting with guys three four even five years older than her. I keep telling her not to talk to strangers but you think she will listen? Olya looks like every other girl in this train station. We asked at least twenty other people what their name was before we found Olya. Natalia asked most of them because I do not like to talk as much as her. Life is well of for the most part. Today we went sightseeing and found the Ukraine and Russian part of the city. New York City is a lot bigger than I imagined and I almost got separated from Natalia and Olya. Yesterday was the most frantic day of my life. Even though I understand English, the employers that guided me throughout the day were awfully confusing. They asked me the most obvious questions. Some would include: Are you single and were you ever engaged? and Do you know enough English to survive in America? There was one good person though. He was polite and didnt care if I did not answer correctly. Others would threatened to send me back to Ukraine. Today was a lot better than yesterday and I am glad that the officials gave us a day to rest. I also got Mr. Polites name and phone number. I cannot wait to see him again. I am getting tired and the manager of the tenement is go ...

ESL Examples of Verbs Expressing Sounds

ESL Examples of Verbs Expressing Sounds The following verbs are used to express different types of sounds. Many of these words are onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia are words that intimate the sounds they express. A good example is the verb sizzle. Sizzle is the sound that bacon makes as it is frying in the pan. Sound Verbs Buzz -Â  Bees buzz as they fly about collecting pollen.Hum -Â  I like to hum as I do the cleaning around the house.Boo -Â  The crowd booed the politician to show their displeasure.Howl -Â  Sarah howled in pain when she stubbed her toe on the door.Whimper -Â  The dog whimpered because it missed its owner.Crunch -Â  The icy snow crunched underneath my feet as I walked across the field.Whoosh -Â  The air left the tire with a great whoosh.Screech -Â  The crow screeched in the distance when it saw the people approaching.Whir -Â  The computer whirred as it processed the data.Grind -Â  Dont grind your teeth! Youll wear them down.Gurgle -Â  I could hear the small brook gurgling in the background.Chirp -Â  The little songbird chirped happily from the bush.Rattle -Â  The broken part rattled inside the gadget.Neigh -Â  The horse neighed as it came to a stop.Squeak -Â  The little mouse squeaked as it looked for food throughout the house.Splash -Â  Tom splashed loudly when he jump ed into the swimming pool.Ping -Â  The modem pinged as it connected to the network. Puff -Â  I stood puffing hard after the two-mile run.Clatter -Â  The dishes clattered in the kitchen while he cleaned up after dinner.Thud -Â  The book dropped onto the floor with a loud thud.Moo -Â  The cow mooed loudly as it tried to scare the men walking through the field.Tinkle -Â  The crystal glass tinkled lightly when I toasted with my wife.Clang -Â  Could you please be quiet? Youre clanging those pots and pans and its driving me crazy!Hiss -Â  The snake hissed at the hiker to warn him away.

Is there a relation between age and income Speech or Presentation

Is there a relation between age and income - Speech or Presentation Example Politicians and the media often include age as a factor when taking about income inequalities. Differences in wealth between old and young people are even greater than the differences witnessed when it comes to income. For example studies show that households headed by person who is over 65 years have more than 15 times as much wealth as compared to households held by persons below 35 years of age (Bowles and Herbert, 75). Age differences is just one of the many reasons that explains the reason behind insinuations about wealth and income that are thrown around in politics and in the media are often remote from reality. The statistics about the differences between age and income are almost perpetually about abstract income brackets. Additionally, a lot of statistical studies that follow specific individuals throughout their lives often reach diametrically conflicting conclusions from the conclusions attained by statistical studies that follow income brackets for a long period of time. A study undertaken by university of Michigan indicated that many of the working people who were in the bottom 20% of income earners in the year 1975 were also in the top 40% at some point in the year 1991. Of those in the bottom quartile in 1975, only 5% were still glued there come the year 1991 while 29% of them were now in the top quartile. This study tries to analyze the relationship between income and age and tries to explain the trend that exists between age and income. The question will be guided by the following research question: what is the relationship between income and age from the year 1974-2011 (Gray et.al, 76). Studies that have been carried out to determine the relationship between age and income have resulted in a general result that income is positively related to the age of an individual. The studies have generalized a sample to a population. Assumptions are vital concept of empirical

Case of United States vs. Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case of United States vs. Microsoft - Essay Example The second defense presented by Microsoft was that it was just competing hard against Netscape, and that such competition was welfare-enhancing, and that it did not commit any anti-competitive acts. The third defense given by Microsoft was that it did not have monopoly power in the operating systems market. The fourth defense presented by Microsoft was that competition in the software sector was intense and that its leadership position could be replaced at any time by a new competitor or entrant. Microsoft further argued in its fifth defense, that it is a leader in software innovation and as such intensified and not restrained the innovation process. Lastly, Microsoft reasoned that consumers have benefited from its low pricing of the operating system, the zero pricing of its Internet browser and from its enhancement and acceleration of the innovation process, rather than been harmed by them. Microsoft also argued that consumers benefit from the de facto standardization that its large market share brought to the operating systems market (Economides, 2011). Moreover, Microsoft contended that an anti-trust action against them will dampen incentives for competition and slowdown software innovation. On April 3, 2000, in a two-part decision, Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson ruled in Washington, D.C. that Microsoft's dominance of the personal computer operating systems market constituted a monopoly, and that it used its power against competitors in ways that stifled innovation and harmed consumers. Judge Jackson ordered the breakup of Microsoft into two separate units, one to produce the operating system, and one to produce other software components. This ruling however was overturned by the Court of Appeals on June 28, 2001, acting on the appeal of Microsoft. I think that the DOJ, perceived Microsoft as a bully who would eat their competitors or anybody for that matter, who will be a threat to their market leadership. Microsoft was viewed as a company who would halt inn ovations if it threatened its Windows monopoly. I view the DOJ’s accusations as trying to control the market process and at the same time belittling the ability of the market to correct itself. In my view, the antitrust case against Microsoft is an attempt by the government to control the industry which might eventually have an adverse effect on future technological advancements in the field. I do not think that it is fair for the DOJ to dictate or interfere what should go to the Windows operating system. Microsoft has every right to offer the web browser for free if it does so to gain dominance in the market and government cannot take that away from them. It is clearly a marketing move on their part. From the defense presented by Microsoft, I can see that the point they are driving at is that they are not a monopoly but rather a market leader. Their claim that their

Answer the questions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the questions - Case Study Example The temporal cortex is also much larger than predicted for an ape of our size, which might affect our language ability as this part of the brain contains Broca’s area, implicated in language use. d) From viewing chimps in the wild (The New Chimpanzees), can they be said to have a language? Include Uhlenbroek’s description of pant hoots, the chimp patrol of their territory, their displays in dominance of behaviour, and grooming and begging behaviour. These elements do seem to represent a kind of communication between chimps, so yes, it could be seen as a language by some, although not perhaps as advanced as human language. The differences in behaviours between different groups have been described as ‘cultural differences’. Koko had extensive exposure to sign language and did seem to pick up some elements of language, although the grammar was not perfect. Many of the utterances could just be imitation or nonsense. Michael learned much less than Koko because he was only alive for a short while, but perhaps the transmission of the signs could be seen as language transmission. Ndume does not currently use sign language. Although the video describes Koko has having a lot of knowledge and the gorilla does seem to know a lot of signs, it is not completely clear whether this is imitation or language and therefore is extremely difficult to describe. It does not seem to be a very strong case, although Koko does show extensive evidence of learning. Merely learning a lot of different signs or letters does not create language, although it is interesting that some of these signs were transmitted to another gorilla. However, it is also possible that sign language may not be the right medium for language and gorillas may have their own complex language structure in a form that humans cannot understand. Some people think that language is necessary for a culture, but there are many different aspects of culture (such as

Dakota world Essay Example for Free

Dakota world Essay In terms of survival and civilization, the story is a question why education is equipped for ones survival? Is the culture of Euro- American defines the development of an individual that disassembles their Native American culture as one that is not capable to stand their community? Yes, the new culture may have the positive objective for their group but the approach to them is definitely a question from the author. So, through her stories, just like the little girl going to a school it reflects her Native race upon drilling to the Euro-American customs(Publication). The actual happenings at school is well illustrated by the author. Regarding the persuasion of the Quaker missionaries to let her attend school, she at eight years old together with other Yankton children was lured about the stories of the Red Apple Country†(Stein). Her hesitation was instantly taken out from the promises of missionaries of the apple orchards. Although she was never been swindled, she gained their trust even though a lot of warnings was advised by her mother. The apple orchards attracted her innocent mind and therefore she accepted the offer of education from the missionaries. Her mother had no other choice but to give way to her daughters’ decision. Her discern was that, even if the transition is hard from the innocence to experience for child, she definitely believes that the education would be fully needed and of great use when more Euro-Americans will settle. Gertrude works are fascinating and the vibrant it forms shows the indignations endured by the Native Americans on Christians hands. She is ardently against with the oppression done by the Euro-American culture so she made a character from them describing it as â€Å"pale-faces† as near part of her language(Giese). From the story of â€Å"Adam and Eve†, Gertrude wisely portray the fall of Eve. It is as a form of metaphor showing the seduction using The Big Red Apples† to the Native Americans by the whites(Kroeber). Because of her ambition to be educated, the snake had the opportunity to seduce Eve. Gertrude created a parallelism from the childhood experiences she encountered with the â€Å"pale-faces† upon their quest in to their community for recruiting Indian children for the missionaries’ school. These group of man who settled into their village seductively promised saying to the little girls that, â€Å"the nice red apples are for those who pick them in the East†(Kroeber). Therefore, in contrast to her mother’s longing, the apple from the forbidden tree was eaten by Gertrude so she headed east. The mastery of Gertrude in using languages and her grapple to Western insinuation made her style in writing very effective. Same as other minority writers, to counterfeit the problem with culture oppression, she focused in a different writing strategy to get the attention of the dominant culture so that her voice would be heard, upon her call for understanding their cultural situation. Her essay on â€Å"The Big Red Apples caused the white readers to think and give insights that the traditional Christian had captured the ideologies of the Indians and from this, it suggested the Indian culture where corrupted by Euro-American culture(Minnesota). To sight some problems she encountered in her schooling experiences that made her some sort of stubborn and brute in the eyes of the missionaries was the scene in â€Å"The Cutting of My Long Hair. It is the schools policy to trim the hair of their students, yet for her she knows that it depict a symbol of either shame or mourning. So she can’t submit herself with the policy of the missionaries. She knows that they are strong and that their group can’t bend the rule but she still rebelled and struggled. Zitkala-Sa snuck upstairs and went under the bed to hide her self(Bonnin). When she was found by the teachers, due to her severe resistance she was dragged out from the bed. Although she fought by kicking and wild scratch attack, she was still carried and brought down and controlled her movements by tying her fast in a chair. Another, problem encountered by Gertrude after three years of schooling was when she was allowed to go home to have the chance to be with her family. She suddenly felt that due to her living with the Euro-American and the education with her, she then had the sentiment the she was now become an alien of her own tribal custom. Getting her precise statement about the situation, she said that, â€Å"during this time I seemed to hang in the heart of chaos, beyond the touch or voice of human aid† (Bonnin). Her thoughts made a problematic scheme out of it questioning what to do, since long she have been already alienated from the Euro-American culture because of her race, and know she is being attack by an emotion of culture crisis to her own tribe as a consequence of her adopted education. Comparing her life before, to the midst of the Indian grounds she was just a young girl who was innocent and free. Yanktons kids that are older than her always show respect and love to her(Bonnin). They treated her nicely that even though she commits mistake of using ashes instead of the grounded beans for coffee when a visitor comes while her mother is not yet around, the situation is just being passed by without eve scolding her. When playing with her friends, as far as they want they could run freely making a chase with their shadows and do consecutive hounds under the clouds. She loves listening evening stories from their elders while gazing up in the stars above her. Her life was surrounded by people to whom she surely trusts and that she assures them that there is no reason to mistrust the tribe where she belongs. But as an effect of sudden circumstances, after her ignorance and prioritizing the need for education, the sympathy that she always encounters and received from her Dakota world is abruptly abandoned(Giese).

Classification of Medical Devices

Classification of Medical Devices Sri Kanya Alluru Why are medical devices stratified into different classes? A wide range of medical devices are used daily, and many are being marketed. It is difficult to study each of these devices separately. In order to determine these devices complexity, and its level of harm a classification system is developed. The classification is assigned based on its marketing requirements and the risks or benefits it imposes. A basic classification system is required to classify and assign medical devices to each of these systems to get a thorough understanding of all devices, their intended use, labeling patterns and marketing criteria. Medical devices are classified into 3 groups based on the degree of difficulty in assuring safety and efficacy. These medical devices are used by mankind in one or the other way so it is necessary to classify them so that they can be aware of the risks posed by each class. The various classes include Class I: General controls Class II: General controls and special controls Class III: General controls, Special controls and premarket approval This stratification helps FDA, manufacturers and patients. Class I devices are low risk devices, and require less regulatory control compared to other classes. These include elastic bandages etc. Class III devices are high risk and life sustaining so strict regulations are to be enforced in a manner such that these devices adhere to them. Examples include implants, pacemakers etc. By understanding these risk factors patients can be careful at the time of device use to assure their safety. FDA has classified almost 1700 medical devices into different categories known as panels based on their medical importance and their intended use such as all cardiovascular devices are assigned as one panel, all dental devices are grouped as another panel etc., which in turn are again assigned either under Class I, II or III devices. These devices are classified based on the device description according to 21 CFR 862-892. For manufacturers in case of low risk devices such as Class I devices they are exempted from pre-market approval and so take less time for marketing thus benefitting manufacturers. So based on classification they can identify which products need approval and which of them are to be exempted enabling their marketing time. 2. Why is traceability important for the medical device life cycle? Who does it benefit – the manufacturer, FDA, both? Explain your answer. Traceability is defined as the ability to thoroughly study a medical device from it design to the end process. It requires complete analysis and understanding of their uses. (Effective Traceability of Medical Devices, 2010). Traceability is an essential factor in device life cycle as it Enables product recalls, To determine the batch that has undergone recalls without enhancing recall of all devices To maintain records so that an efficient review and preventive measures can be enabled It is the responsibility of each manufacturer to establish requirements for each type or family of devices to ensure the device safety, quality, and establish methods and procedures to design, produce, distribute, etc. As a part of the quality system regulation or GMP principle documenting the details is essential for traceability. The manufacturer must prepare a batch record for every device/batch that is product and must be identified with a unique lot/control numbering system defined by the manufacturer and it represents the lots complete history. Distribution records of each where it was shipped must be kept by the manufacturer for traceability in the event of a recall. The device GMP require manufacturers to be able to trace any device or device component by a control number if it is indented for surgical implant into the body to support or sustain life, and its failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. The Quality system regulations require companies to establish purchasing controls and institute post-distribution device failure investigations and corrective/preventive actions for defects or recurring technical problems. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to establish traceability controls to effectively handle complaint/failures and determine root cause so as to correct prevent the reoccurrence and at the same time it would help the manufacturer to effectively handle the recalls both internally and also with FDA when required. 3. Review the Johnson and Johnson Quality Catastrophe article under Week 9 Readings. What areThe major lessons learned from Johnson and Johnson’s Quality Catastrophe? Based on the events and circumstances in the article Johnson and Johnson and its subsidiaries had certainly put its consumers trust in turmoil by providing unsafe products. Johnson Johnson (JJ) expanded its businesses by acquiring and merging with companies manufacturing health products. Due to these acquisitions it has become a decentralized organization. It is unusual to see deficiencies in product quality and safety, as all the procedures and rules for safety are defined at the enterprise level, not at the product level. The incidents mentioned occurred due to ignorance and profit making strategies of the corporate companies leaving the facts and safety concerns behind reality. These would cause lot of pain and suffering to the people relying on the product with their lives. Tylenol incident occurred in the past has gained applause and appreciation for its best crisis management, but later incidents brought condemnation to the company. The reason for this quality catastrophe occurred at JJ is mainly due to the following reasons. Corporate governance: Due to JJ decentralized organizational structure, the responsibility rest at the enterprise level not at the subsidiary level, CEO Weldon (2002-2012) put in place. Under his Leader ship many recalls, incidents occurred due to his negligence, and profit making mentality. They failed to meet with the regulations He clouded the issues in the factories (McNeil Factory odor), recalls (Motrin, Benadryl), lawsuits (Hip replacement) from the individuals, hospitals using their products by showing steady growth and properties to the investors and board of directors. Product Safety: Product safety should be one of the top priorities while manufacturing consumer products. Ignoring these facts will cause jeopardy to the consumers and have adverse effects due to their use. Marketing products without proper research and tests will cause problems to the consumers. JJ failed to comply with these standards in their products (Ortho Evra, DePuy hip product), and caused harm and discomfort to the consumers emotionally and physically. FDA Ignorance: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should be stringent with companies in imposing rules and regulations of the FDA. By imposing these laws FDA can ensure that the companies will provide high quality products to the consumers. In this case FDA ignored the JJ company product recalls, factories manufacturing standards, and their sanity conditions. Due to its ignorance people had permanent immobility, discomfort, and even deaths. This can be prevent if FDA had a structured program in allowing health products being market after certifying them they are safe, and define laws that would report medical incidents, and lawsuits to the FDA for review. 4. What are the regulatory challenges specifically for products in the mobile health space? FDA recently issued the Mobile Medical Guidance for Industry, which mainly outlines the regulations for mobile space devices. The mobile app is designed to have a direct communication to patient. (Kim, 2014) Incorporating mobile apps, as a tool for health-based issues is a boon, when major challenges and risks associated with it are overviewed and are put in a right way so that they are beneficial to the public. Recently a large number of health and fitness apps, medical device apps are introduced and their number is constantly increasing day by day. But the major challenge underneath this is which of them are beneficial and can be categorized as medical apps. They are to be clearly understood and regulated. Software’s intended solely for the purpose of storage are exempted as medical apps, and those for serious health issues and diagnostic purposes are regarded as mobile health apps. Post market surveillance also has a major role to play. As these mobile health apps are pioneer and outstanding major challenges lies in diagnosis, monitoring and treatment (Brousseau, 2012). Medical apps can be categorized into three groups. Firstly only a few apps meet the requirements of a device and help in diagnosis. Secondly, a large number of apps are not scrutinized or influenced by FDA such as calorie counters etc. and finally some apps, which have no benefits in medical field. In spite of so many of these apps FDA has to have a keen and a clear survey on which of them actually comes under mobile health category and regulate them(Brousseau, 2012). Most challenging effect is that there might be loss of confidentiality because these social medias always face the risk of hackers. There are also serious risks associated with the misuse of mobile apps. But there are questions regarding how risks arise with these apps. So there is challenge for the improvement of adverse reporting system. It’s possible for a medical device to escape regulatory process and enter the market but such type of procedures impose risks to consumers so FDA has to monitor them thoroughly.(Vesely, 2014) 5. What was the most interesting thing you learned in the devices portion  Of RGA 6100? There are many interesting things that surprised me during my course. I could learn the regulations governing these devices, various medical device companies, their FDA approvals and lot more things. Today there are so many advances in medical device technology such as medical robotic technology for various surgeries, mobile health apps that helps in communication between doctor and patient, inhaled insulin more advantageous to diabetes patients and if we go on it would be an never ending discussion. I found Lap-band interesting because of today’s obesity problems people are facing. Although there are several weight loss programs, fitness centers, they provide only short-term results and also have considerable health problems.(Ruchi Mathur, 2014) This lap-band is so advantageous that it ensures healthy weight loss and has long term results. This is an adjustable process as we can loosen or tighten it according to our convenience. (Lap-Band Surgery Information,) REFERENCES: Brousseau, Zachary. (2012). Experts Examine Regulation of Health-Related Mobile Apps, Software and Social Media. Retrieved 03/24/2014, 2014, from https://http://www.raps.org/focus-online/under-raps/under-raps-article/article/2479/experts-examine-regulation-of-health-related-mobile-apps-software-and-social-me.aspx Effective Traceability of Medical Devices. (2010). Retrieved 03/21/014, 2014, from http://www.imb.ie/EN/SafetyQuality/Advisory-WarningRecall-Notices/Medical-Devices/page-title-Effective-Traceability-of-Medical-Devices.aspx Kim, Sun. (2014). FDA Regulations on Mobile Medical Apps. Retrieved 03/24/2014, 2014, from http://qbdworks.com/fda-regulations-on-mobile-medical-apps/ Lap-Band Surgery Information.). Retrieved 03/21/2014, 2014, from http://www.mills-peninsula.org/obesity/lapband.html Ruchi Mathur, MD, FRCP(C). (2014). Lap Band Surgery(Gastric Banding). Retrieved 03/21/2014, 2014, from http://www.medicinenet.com/lap_band_surgery_gastric_banding/article.htm Vesely, Rebecca. (2014). mHealth Regulations: Whats in Store? Retrieved 03/25/2014, 2014, from http://www.ihealthbeat.org/insight/2014/mhealth-regulations-whats-in-store 1

The Adventures of Huck Fin :: Essays Papers

Mark Twain The Adventures of Huck Fin Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain is a famous author. He is one of the most widely respected and loved American writers. He wrote over 30 works, including satires, short stories, historical fiction and non-fiction novels as well as five Travelogues. One of the novels that he wrote was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. That is the novel I read. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. He was the sixth child of John and Jane Clemens. Just a few years later, in 1839, the Clemens family moved to a nearby town, Hannibal, where he spent his childhood years. During his those years, he had a strong bond with the Mississippi River. His childhood dream was to become a steamboat man on the river. The town in which he lived steamboats docked 3 times a day. Clemens was fascinated with them. By the age of 16, Clemens was working for his brother Orion’s Hannibal Western Union. He published sketches and worked as a printer, sometimes taking on editor in his brother’s absence. By age 21 he was seeking a bunk on a ship going to South America. There he met Horace Bixby, a steamboat pilot. He persuaded Horace to take him on as an apprentice and after two years on the Mississippi, Clemens had his pilot’s license. With the start of the Civil War in April 1861, river traffic on the Mississippi was suspended. Clemens' steamboat pilot career came to an end. He had been occasionally sending letters to the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the territory's most well known newspaper, and by September 1862, he had been accepted to be a reporter for the paper. After a short 17 months, Clemens left the Enterprise and went to San Francisco. He traveled extensively for the next few years and at age 33 he secretly was engaged to Olivia Langdon, better known as Livy. In 1870 his life took a dramatic change towards stability. He married Livy and settled down in Buffalo, N.Y. They had a few traumatic years and finally moved to Connecticut. They had 3 daughters, Susy, Clara and Jean. He also published The Gilded Age, with Charles Dudley Warner, his first fictional book.

Country: White People Essay

Since African American literature started back in the 18th century, the majority of these writings mainly focused on racism, ethnicity, and the struggle of African-American people. Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith are but two contributors to this area of literature. In my paper I will compare and contrast the short story by Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Country Lovers†, and the poem, â€Å"What It’s Like Being a Black Girl†, written by Patricia Smith. In both pieces of literature, the focus is put on the racial background and ethnicities, considering that the main characters or protagonists are black women, dealing with some degree of discrimination because of the color of their skin. It is common knowledge that racism has been a major issue which has tainted society, and the African-American people, particularly females have been dealing with the effects of racism, and have experienced the effects of discrimination and racism. (Clugston, 2010). In the short story â€Å"Country Lovers†, a forbidden love between a black girl named Thebedi and a white male named Paulus, is depicted. In the story, two main characters are brought together since early childhood, spending much of the childhood days with each other. As they grow up, they became even closer, eventually falling in love. They soon realize that the racial politics of the time would not allow them to maintain their relationship simply because, Paulus, being the son of a white farm owner and Thebedi, the daughter of a black farm workers, would be unable to show or share their love publicly. I found that there were many dramatic effect throughout this entire story. For example, when we read about the part were Paulus is going way to school, â€Å"This usefully coincides with the age of twelve or thirteen; so that by the time early adolescence is reached, the black children are making along with the bodily changes common to all, an easy transition to adult forms of address, beginning to call the old playmates missus and baasie little master. † (Clugston 2010). When Paulus watches Thebedi wading in the water, is the part of the story where I interpreted the loss of innocence and the description of a forbidden love. â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams and pools I may bring farms were bikinis but the site of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up to the bank and sat beside him, two drops of water beading offer dark legs the only points of light in the earth -smelling deep shade. They were not afraid of one another, they had known one another always; he did with her what he had done that time in the store room at the wedding, and this time it was so lovely, so lovely, he was surprised†¦ And she was surprised by it too – he could see her dark face that was part of the shade, with her big dark eyes, shiny and soft water, watching him attentively: as she had when they used a huddle over their teams of mud oxen, as she had when he told her about attention weekends at school. â€Å"(Clugston, 2010). It is towards the end of the short story where you realize the racism. It begins when Paulus arrived back home from college over the holidays, and finds out that Thebedi had given birth to a child. When he decides to go and see Thebedi and the child, he said, â€Å"You haven’t been near the house with it? † (Clugston, 2010). His reaction alone reiterated the fact that such a thing would not be tolerated in his community. As the story continues, Paulus returned to the head later on: it states, â€Å"She thought she heard small grunts from the hut, the kind of insufficient grunt that indicates a full stomach, a deep sleep. After a time, long or short she did not know, he came out and walked away with plodding stride (his father’s gait) out of sight, towards his father’s house† (Clugston 2010). For me as a reader, it became apparent that Paulus actually killed the child. After analyzing that particular part of the story it became evident that Paulus was afraid the relationship between him and Thebedi would become common knowledge, so in murdering the child, it would serve as a cover-up as if nothing happened between two of them. In the ending of the story, the police assumed the baby’s body and charged Paulus with murder. During the trial, the story states that Thebedi took the stand. â€Å"She cried hysterically in the witness box, saying yes, yes (the gilt hoop earrings swung in her years), she saw the accused pouring liquid into the baby’s mouth. She said he had threatened to shoot her if she told anyone† (Clugston 2010). A year later, when she returned to the courthouse, she tells the court that, â€Å"she said that she had not seen what the white man did in the house† (Clugston, 2010). Because she altered her testimony, â€Å"The verdict on the accused was â€Å"not guilty† (Clugston, 2010). In the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† seems to depict a very similar theme. In the poem, Patricia Smith tends to use rigid and strong words in order to show the seriousness of the topic she is writing about. From the very beginning of her poem, â€Å"First of all,† I sense of how the story is going to be told and is laid out for the reader. It presents the audience with a picture of a young black girl transitioning into black womanhood, a place where being a black girl as well as being a black woman is often not a welcome thing. To help the reader understand the thoughts that run through the mind of this puberty stricken young girl, she writes,† Its being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong† (Smith, 4) This particular poem, in my opinion, is how racism and discrimination, both of race and gender, affects this young girl as she is transitioning from a young black girl, into a young black woman, while trying to accept all the changes that are happening to her. In the line, â€Å"It’s popping a bleached white mop head over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection. † describes how this young girl wishes to look like other girls in order to be accepted in society. I found several tones in this poem that included not only pain and suffering, but courage is well. The poem discusses this young lady’s loss of innocence as a direct result of being raped. In the line, â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them turn blue and suffering the burn in silence,† in my opinion is the showing of this young girl’s pain of being raped by a white person. Since the color blue plays a significant role in this line, it shows not only this suffering, but the despondency this young black girl is experiencing. In both the poem and a short story, the main characters have been negatively affected by the discrimination of a society in which the color of their skin is not accepted. Both of the female characters lost their innocence, the only difference being, that Thebedi lost her virginity under the mask of the forbidden love, and the young girl in the poem lost her virginity is a direct cause of her rape. The sufferings of both characters is basically the same because the color of their skin and nothing else. The gender plays a very important role, but only after the race they belong to, as well as the alarming situation of the issue is accurately brought into the light and both of these literature works. It clearly indicates the suffering in the pain both these women experience. (Fluehr-Lobban, 2010). The mindset of a common young black girl is accurately presented in the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†, and shows the effects that the society leaves on the mind of young black girls who wish to have the appearance like white girls simply because white girls are accepted in the society and the black are usually misused, refused, and disrespected. (Clugston, 2010) Both the story as well as the poem distinguish ethnicity and radical backgrounds, as well as explaining how women experienced cruelty for white racists. I found limited separation between race and gender issues within both authors work simply because they elaborated the fact that they could not, and would not be on the same side with sexists or races. While reading Patricia Smith poem, it gave me the impression she was demonstrating her anger to the fact that white patriarchy confines and limits black women. Black females have been tormented by discrimination racism, and ethical and racial discrimination, as characterized in both the poem and short story can be affirmed as a depiction a reflection of racism and its effects on society. (Dovidio, & Gaertner, 1996). In conclusion, I truly feel that both authors share the same sentiments. First and foremost, both of their main focus was on the role of the black female. Not only did the Explorer the victimization of the black woman, but also brought to light their emotional struggles as well as her experiences. I also feel that both authors were the obstacles of racism and feminists’ society that same time expressed that defeat does not mean giving up, but offers the opportunity to conquer negativity in life. References Clugston, R. W. (2010), â€Å"Country Lovers, Nadine Gordimer. In Journey into Literature (ch. 3): retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/section/h3. 2 Clugston, R. W. (2010), Poems for Reflection. In Journey into Literature (ch. 12. 2): retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/section/12. 2 Fluehr-Lobban, C. (2010). Race and Racism: An Introduction, Rowman Altamira: pp. 111-116 Dovidio, J. F. , & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racial Biases and inter group relations. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 52, pp 51-75Ã'Ž